第一章：时态
Unit 1：过去完成时Past Perfect
1. 时态结构 S+had+V-ed+O
2. 时态用法
1） 在过去某一时间点之前已经发生并完成的动作或存在的状态；
Eg: I had never been to to Beijing before I was twenty.
I had lived in Guangzhou for seven years by the end of last month.
She had left when I arrived at the station.
As the bus had already gone, we had to wait for the next one.
2） 过去未实现的愿望和想法
Eg: I had intended to go, but I had no time left.
I had meant to buy the new dress, but I had no money.
3） 间接引语
Eg: She said she had not heard from him since July.
She said she had been to Beijing.
Unit 2: 一般过去将来时 Simple Past Future
1.时态结构 S+would/should+V+O
S+was/were going to+V+O
S+was/were to +V+O
S+was/were about to+V+O
2. 时态用法
1)间接引语
Eg: He said he would be on time that day.
2)He told me that he would visit me next day.
以过去某个时间点为参照物将要发生的事情或者计划要做的事情
Eg: I didn’t know who would be our monitor.
I thought the film was going to be interesting.
We were to finish the work in two days.
The train was about to leave at that time.
Unit 3: 现在完成进行时 Present Perfect Continuous
1. 时态结构 S+have/has+been +V-ing+O
2. 时态用法
1) 动作从过去的过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在，有可能刚刚完成，也有可能持续下去
Eg: I have been living here for two years.
It has been raining for three hours.
2) 动作从过去的过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在，但是是重复发生的行动
Eg: She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
I have been telephining you several times today.
现在完成时 VS. 现在完成进行时
相同点：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”这一概念，有时可以互换
Eg: I have been a teacher for seven years.
I have been being a teacher for seven years.
不同点：现在完成时强调动作的结果和对现在的影响；
现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性（一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时）
Unit 4: 过去完成进行时 Past Perfect Continuous
1. 时态结构 S+had+been +V-ing+O
2. 时态用法
1）动作从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到过去某个时间点，有可能刚刚完成，也有可能持续下去
Eg: She had been living here for two years by the end of last month..
It had been raining for three hours by six o’clock.
2) 动作从过去的过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在，但是是重复发生的行动
Eg: I had been telephining you several times before you answered the phone.
She had been playing tennis from eight to eighteen.
第二章：直接引语和间接引语
Unit 5：直接引语和间接引语
1. 人称和语序的变化
She said, “I’m busy.”
—She said she was busy.
My mother asked, “Where is my T-shirt?”
—My mother asked where was her T-shirt.
He often says, “I’ll be on time next time.”
—He often says he will be on time next time.
2. 时态的变化
一般现在时—一般过去时
She said, “I want to go.”
She said she wanted to go.
一般过去时—过去完成时
She said, “I went to Beijing last year.”
She said she had been to Beijing.
一般将来时—一般过去将来时
I said, “I will be a teacher.”
I said I would be a teacher.
现在进行时—过去进行时
He said, “I am watching TV.”
He said he was watching TV.
过去进行时—不变
He said, “I was watching TV that time”.
He said he was watching TV that time.
现在完成时—过去完成时
She said, “I have been to Beijing.”
She said she had been to Beijing.
过去完成时—不变
She said, “I had been to Beijing bofore I was six.”
She said she had been to Beijing before she was six.
现在完成进行时-过去完成进行时
She said, “I have been being a teacher for six years.”
She said she had been being a teacher for six years.
过去完成进行时-不变
She said, “I had been being a teacher for six years by the end of last month.”
She said she had been being a teacher for six years by the end of that month.
注意： 真理或者客观事实，时态不变。
3. {C}指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和某些动词变化
Eg: She said, “This is my computer.”
She said that is her computer.
She said, “I will go tomorrow”
She said she would go next day.
She said to her, “Where did you meet Tom?”
She asked her where she had met Tom.
第三章：非谓语动词
Unit 6：过去分词
1. {C}在句子中充当的成分
1).Here are some frozen food. (定语)
2).The door remains locked. （表语）
3).I kept the door locked. （补语）
4). Deeply moved，he thanked her again and again. （状语）
具有动词的性质，同时兼有形容词和副词的性质。
注意：表示动作已经完成或被动的意义。
过去分词所表示的时间并不一定发生在过去。
2. 与逻辑主语的主被动关系
1).Here are some frozen food. (被动)
2). The door remains locked. （被动）
3).Deeply moved，he thanked her again and again. （被动）
注意：过去分词本身就含有被动含义，不需要被动语态的结构体现。
3. 过去分词与谓语动词的时间前后关系
过去分词只有一般态，具有被动意义，并表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。
Eg：Deeply moved, she thanked me again and again.
非谓语动词的总结
1. 成分
1）动词不定式除了谓语外，可以担当句子的任何成分
主、宾、表、定、状、补
2）动名词具有名词的性质
主、宾、表；
现在分词具有形容词和副词的性质
定、状、补
3）过去分词具有形容词和副词的性质
表、定、状、补
2. 非谓语动词（组）与逻辑主语的主被动关系
1) 不定式：可能是主动，也可能是被动（看结构）
2) V-ing：可能是主动，也可能是被动（看结构）
3) V-ed：被动
3. 与主句谓语动词的时间先后
1) 不定式 【一般态】之后 【进行态】同时 【完成态】之前
}2) V-ing 【一般态】同时 【完成态】之前
3) V-ed 【一般态】之前
第四章：词法
Unit 7：代词
1. 相互代词 each other & one another
Eg：They help each other.
We write to eacher other every week.
1). each other 多指两者之间，而one another 指三者和三者以上；
2). one another比each other要正式。
2. 指示代词 this that these those such same it
1) such
Such is our plan. (主语)
If you act like a child, you will be treated like such. （宾语）
The problem is such that I can’t solve it. (表语)
I don’t like such a book. (定语)
2) same
The same happened to me. (主语)
She left and I did the same. (宾语)
It is the same to me. (表语)
Thank you all the sam. (状语)
3) it
It’s me.
It is Linda who is knocking the door.
3. 关系代词(定语从句) that who which whom whose as
Eg: The man who/that is in red is our English teacher.
The cat which/that is over there is black.
The man whom I served is a rich man.
The woman whose hat is red is my mother.
He is not the same man as he was.
He is not such a man as he was.
She is a liar, as anybody can see.
4. 连接代词(名词性从句) who whom which what whose
whoever whomever whatever
Eg: What I want is money.
I don’t know who the girl is.
That’s what I want.
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.
Call whomever you want.
I will do whatever I can do to help you.
